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It includes the Internet, merchant plug-in, access control server, and other software providers Interoperability domain (the infrastructure provided by the card scheme, credit, debit, prepaid or other types of a payment card, to support the 3-D Secure protocol).Issuer domain (the card issuer of the card being used).Acquirer domain (the bank and the merchant to which the money is being paid).This additional security authentication is based on a three-domain model (hence the 3-D in the name itself). The basic concept of the protocol is to tie the financial authorization process with online authentication. 4.3 3-D Secure as strong customer authentication.Īnalysis of the first version of the protocol by academia has shown it to have many security issues that affect the consumer, including a greater surface area for phishing and a shift of liability in the case of fraudulent payments. Requirements and resolving some of the short-comings of the original protocol. Version 2 of the protocol was published in 2016 with the aim of complying with new EU authentication Later revisions of the protocol have been produced by EMVCo under the name EMV 3-D Secure. Services based on the protocol have also been adopted by Mastercard as SecureCode, by Discover as ProtectBuy, by JCB International as J/Secure, and by American Express as American Express SafeKey. with the intention of improving the security of Internet payments, and offered to customers under the Verified by Visa brand (later rebranded as Visa Secure). It was originally developed by Arcot Systems (now CA Technologies) and Visa Inc. The name refers to the "three domains" which interact using the protocol: the merchant/acquirer domain, the issuer domain, and the interoperability domain. Not to be confused with card security code.ģ-D Secure is a protocol designed to be an additional security layer for online credit and debit card transactions.